Wimborne Minster Interior Lead authors: PJB,JT, WGT; Layout: KJH
Preface
This 2020 description is the first to state that the Norman Tower, Choir and most of the Nave columns were built largely of stone imported from Normandy during the 12th century. (see Legend 2 and 3 below in blue) This conclusion is based on interpretation of scaled close-up photographs of the cleanest accessible interior stone, combined with historical probability. Originally much decorated, the paint and lime wash of the turned columns, pillars and facing stone was removed during the nineteenth century. This revealed the sedimentary textures needed for each rock type to be identified - if with some difficulty, due to Victorian chiselling damage and to remaining renders and whitewash on stone of the central Lantern Tower.
The geological characteristics of these building stones indicate a Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) age - rather than Upper Jurassic (Corallian or Portlandian). Experienced Dorset stonemasons have confirmed that these were not locally sourced or supplied. Apart from local Roman use, the English Middle Jurassic limestones (greater Bath area) were not quarried as early as the 12th century, whereas the Normans were known to have exported large quantities of Middle Jurassic stone from Normandy to southern England at this time. Stone was also exported from the Pas de Calais but the stone in Wimborne Minster is considered to be from Normandy only.
This 2020 description is the first to state that the Norman Tower, Choir and most of the Nave columns were built largely of stone imported from Normandy during the 12th century. (see Legend 2 and 3 below in blue) This conclusion is based on interpretation of scaled close-up photographs of the cleanest accessible interior stone, combined with historical probability. Originally much decorated, the paint and lime wash of the turned columns, pillars and facing stone was removed during the nineteenth century. This revealed the sedimentary textures needed for each rock type to be identified - if with some difficulty, due to Victorian chiselling damage and to remaining renders and whitewash on stone of the central Lantern Tower.
The geological characteristics of these building stones indicate a Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) age - rather than Upper Jurassic (Corallian or Portlandian). Experienced Dorset stonemasons have confirmed that these were not locally sourced or supplied. Apart from local Roman use, the English Middle Jurassic limestones (greater Bath area) were not quarried as early as the 12th century, whereas the Normans were known to have exported large quantities of Middle Jurassic stone from Normandy to southern England at this time. Stone was also exported from the Pas de Calais but the stone in Wimborne Minster is considered to be from Normandy only.
Wimborne Minster Church of St. Cuthburga - Historic Building Stone
The Anglo-Saxon Minster: Pre-1066
The Norman Minster was built over a cruciform Saxon floor plan (1 & 2), confirmed by Victorian reconstructions (Mayo 1860 pp21/22). The Saxon off-centred alignment of the north and south transept archways is also seen at Sherborne Abbey. No fully unpainted or non-rendered in-situ Saxon building stone remains visible inside the church except some stairway walling, some stair-tread blocks and newel stone in the Saxon spiral staircase (3). Some staircase newels and many tread-blocks show later Purbeck Burr replacement.
Some whitewashed Heathstone stair-tread blocks (5) have been re-faced in Purbeck Burr (6) and or Middle Purbeck (7). The Saxon doorway is much rebuilt and the lintel appears to be faced out Ham Hill Stone and a good match to that in (4) below.
Some whitewashed Heathstone stair-tread blocks (5) have been re-faced in Purbeck Burr (6) and or Middle Purbeck (7). The Saxon doorway is much rebuilt and the lintel appears to be faced out Ham Hill Stone and a good match to that in (4) below.
3. The traditional Saxon tower stairway stone, like many features of the Minster’s interior, has many replacement blocks and minor alterations and retains remnants of many centuries of whitewash and tallow soot that obscure identifiable textures (unlike the Norman interior stone chiselled clean in the C19th).
4. The Moulded Arch (4.1) has a characteristic Saxon style V-groove cut, as has the right hand abacus. The Tympanum (4.2) is apparently made from the same faced-out Ham Hill Stone block as the arch moulding. However, this stone was not used structurally by the Anglo-Saxons nor was the tympanum adopted by them, so both features appear to be a Victorian replacement of Saxon and/or Norman work.
4. The Moulded Arch (4.1) has a characteristic Saxon style V-groove cut, as has the right hand abacus. The Tympanum (4.2) is apparently made from the same faced-out Ham Hill Stone block as the arch moulding. However, this stone was not used structurally by the Anglo-Saxons nor was the tympanum adopted by them, so both features appear to be a Victorian replacement of Saxon and/or Norman work.
The Impost to the right is similarly Saxon-grooved and the quirked arch springer stands shaved back on the left impost (4.3). The right hand door jamb is all uncleaned Heathstone - sooty and once whitewashed. This door jamb extends through the greater thickness of the North transept west wall. Norman string courses are featured inside and out of their transept extensions but the interior strings may now be as much plaster as stone (4.7) and out of place at 4.8.
The southern door jamb (4.5) is predominantly built of Purbeck Burr but for block 4.6 which is possibly a colour-washed Upper Greensand replacement that, curiously, has also been string line decorated. We consider the doorway jambs to be, at best, Norman reconstructions as there’s no typical Saxon long-and-short work or the use of vertically-bedded quoin blocks.
The southern door jamb (4.5) is predominantly built of Purbeck Burr but for block 4.6 which is possibly a colour-washed Upper Greensand replacement that, curiously, has also been string line decorated. We consider the doorway jambs to be, at best, Norman reconstructions as there’s no typical Saxon long-and-short work or the use of vertically-bedded quoin blocks.
Below, 5, 6 & 7 are close-up images of previously whitewashed stone from the Saxon tower stairway.
Norman Rebuilding Phase 1: 1120 - 1140
Following the Norman Conquest in 1066 the Minster Parish came into the hands of magnate baron Robert de Beaumont/de Meulan I - later 1st Earl of Leicester, who died in 1118. But no Norman work remains visible before 1120-40 when the first stages, up to but not including the lantern of the Norman tower, were most probably built onto as well as around the prior Saxon central tower pier stone. (2, 8, 10 & 11) by his son Robert de Beaumont/de Meulan II, 2nd Earl of Leicester.
The Normans re-cycled the best salvaged Saxon Heathstone (see 8, 9, 32a & 32b.) and integrated Purbeck Burr (8 & 6) quarried twenty miles away as ashlar for both central tower crossing gables that retain open and once Saxon (?) triforium doorways above original church ceiling level, along with much of the external tower stonework. New supplies of Heathstone were never readily available to the Normans, so the vital voussoir stones that form the new and massive internal central tower arches constructed sometime between 1120 and 1140 had required skilled carving of freshly quarried Purbeck Burr, “in the green’. Purbeck masons, trained by vassal masons from Normandy had by this time, fully acquired the skills required to hand tool the well-jointed almost triangular voussoir blocks of Burr to the dimensional angle and curve required. Finely jointed mortar-free ashlar had - “by this time, at the latest, been achieved in the new keep at Corfe Castle.” (RCHME-Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England )
Original decorative interior facing stone to the Phase 1 crossing piers, parts of the choir and interior mouldings of the Central tower, had been long thought to be Portland Freestone but scaled close-up photographs rule that out and reveal it all to be built of a coarse Norman French Middle Jurassic Limestone, NMJL for which there was nothing suitable available locally, at that time. (23-24)
Consequently, Robert de Beaumont/de Meulan II, 2nd Earl of Leicester and 2nd Norman patron, one of the closest advisors and friends of King Henry I (who in 1120 had built his own Romanesque Caen Stone Exchequer’s Hall onto the castle and palace at Caen.) used this same area’s stone to rebuild and decorate the Minster’s Norman Phase 1 interior.
Consequently, Robert de Beaumont/de Meulan II, 2nd Earl of Leicester and 2nd Norman patron, one of the closest advisors and friends of King Henry I (who in 1120 had built his own Romanesque Caen Stone Exchequer’s Hall onto the castle and palace at Caen.) used this same area’s stone to rebuild and decorate the Minster’s Norman Phase 1 interior.
The absence of Norman written records for the Minster rebuilding phases obliges architectural historians to date the rebuilding of the tower to between 1120 & 1140 and the nave to between 1170 and 1190. This is based essentially on evolving Anglo-Norman styles of church architecture. Interestingly, the range of probable dates for this Norman rebuilding matches exactly the patronage dates of Robert de Beaumont, 2nd Earl of Leicester (1104-68) and his daughter Hawise (1129-97) to whom he gave the patronage as a dowry on her marriage to William Fitz Robert 2nd Earl of Gloucester in about 1150.
Norman Rebuilding Phase 2: 1170 - 1190
Norman Rebuilding Phase 2: 1170 - 1190
On this basis, some forty or more years elapsed between each major Norman building initiative. However, most significantly, scaled close-up digital photographs now reveal that imported Middle Jurassic French limestone from Normandy had been used throughout both C12th Romanesque rebuilds (10-11). Coarse-grained limestones (NJML) were again used for the new nave arcade columns (23-24) and large amounts of the royal favourite, fine-grained “Pierre de Caen Stone” was then used as well. The prominent clean yellow but white-painted, carved dog-toothed echelons and single block sculpting were the first suggestion to us of they perhaps being softer yellow Royal Pierre de Caen Stone. The Norman lower clerestory window framings and nave stringcourse also appeared to be possibly made of the darker, harder grey Pierre de Caen. The matrix of this stone whatever the colour, is always of well- cemented minute crinoid particles that make it the most outstanding French freestone. (12-19).
Although the Purbeck Burr can be chiselled to ashlar standard “in the green” and used for heavy duty compression and weight bearing, it is not well suited to interior use in turnings, mouldings, or sculpted features, due to cavities between the broken shell fragments. Tectonic earth movement has also seriously broken the beds of this stone into quite short lengths and no other suitable South of England building stone was available for such work even later in the twelfth century. So not only were the Phase 2 nave arcade columns and hoods of their arches made of turned and moulded coarse Normandy limestones but the dog-toothed decoration, the out-standing string-line, the clerestory framing and the sculpting was all done in contemporary high aristocracy Anglo-Norman style using the prestigious royal stone of choice - Pierre de Caen Stone. (King John was later to claim possession and presentation of the Minster church patronage, in part following disloyalty of a de Beaumont/de Meulan patron and traitor, Peter de Mellent in 1203.)
On this basis, some forty or more years elapsed between each major Norman building initiative. However, most significantly, scaled close-up digital photographs now reveal that imported Middle Jurassic French limestone from Normandy had been used throughout both C12th Romanesque rebuilds (10-11). Coarse-grained limestones (NJML) were again used for the new nave arcade columns (23-24) and large amounts of the royal favourite, fine-grained “Pierre de Caen Stone” was then used as well. The prominent clean yellow but white-painted, carved dog-toothed echelons and single block sculpting were the first suggestion to us of they perhaps being softer yellow Royal Pierre de Caen Stone. The Norman lower clerestory window framings and nave stringcourse also appeared to be possibly made of the darker, harder grey Pierre de Caen. The matrix of this stone whatever the colour, is always of well- cemented minute crinoid particles that make it the most outstanding French freestone. (12-19).
Although the Purbeck Burr can be chiselled to ashlar standard “in the green” and used for heavy duty compression and weight bearing, it is not well suited to interior use in turnings, mouldings, or sculpted features, due to cavities between the broken shell fragments. Tectonic earth movement has also seriously broken the beds of this stone into quite short lengths and no other suitable South of England building stone was available for such work even later in the twelfth century. So not only were the Phase 2 nave arcade columns and hoods of their arches made of turned and moulded coarse Normandy limestones but the dog-toothed decoration, the out-standing string-line, the clerestory framing and the sculpting was all done in contemporary high aristocracy Anglo-Norman style using the prestigious royal stone of choice - Pierre de Caen Stone. (King John was later to claim possession and presentation of the Minster church patronage, in part following disloyalty of a de Beaumont/de Meulan patron and traitor, Peter de Mellent in 1203.)
Norman Building Stone
Entry to the Minster is via the North porch and from the middle of the nave at that point looking east to the high altar all the Norman work is open before you (10). NAC & SAC = North & South Aisle Columns.
All C12th Nave stone seen from this point is predominantly imported Middle Jurassic from the Calvados region of Normandy, except the two distant upper and much later clerestories window frames and recycled Saxon stone of the adjacent central tower-crossing gable with its open west triforium doorway. NPdC = Pierre de Caen & NJML = Norman Middle Jurassic Limestone.
11. Amended Norman phase Architectural plan locating the NDdC and NJML as described below. (12 - 24.) The original Norman outer aisle walling, conjectured by Mayo and Perkins, is amended here in a lighter-grey.
Pierre de Caen Identification
The famous Pierre de Caen Stone, uncommon but in Anglo-Norman palaces and cathedrals, was used in the second rebuilding phase for all the uppermost Romanesque work and confirmed by photographic inspection by way of electrician’s scaffolding during March and April 2020. Otherwise on site, it is too remote to view but visitors may closely inspect the Victorian use of Pierre de Caen, NPdC of the pulpit (12 &13) and choir stairway archway jambs at eye level, (14 &15) which are all of the harder light grey variety. (11, yellow-starred above)
The harder kind is also seen in the second Norman phase use for the lower clerestory openings and string-course (11, pink lined, and16 & 17) whilst the sculpting and chevron dog-tooth arches (11, pink starred ,and 18 &19) are of the usually softer, yellowish variety of this exceedingly fine grained – thus most workable freestone.
All other Norman Middle Jurassic stone, NJML (ochre colouring) in this church is predominantly a coarse, rounded/ovoid-grained limestone seen in scaled close-up images of occasionally oolitic and or bioclastic texture (23-24. This was used in both the first phase Lantern tower and piers and during the second phase in the entire nave columns.
All presumably Norman ‘facial’ and ‘fabled creatures’ (20) appear to be in the same yellow NPdC stone as the chevrons. Many sculptings were closely examined (21,22) to firmly identify the stone used and almost invariably they are a decorative archway keystone, end-stop or connecting string-course insert; so the fabled creatures may well not all be Norman.
Coarse Norman Middle Jurassic Limestones Identification
25. Medieval shipment of Caen stone as depicted at Bayeux Museum. Similar ships facilitated the Norman Conquest of 1066 and soon carried French building stone to Canterbury, i.e. Middle Jurassic limestones from Normandy (Caen area) and the Pas-de-Calais (Marquise area near Boulogne).
Following the Saxon Canterbury Cathedral fire of 1067, Archbishop Lanfranc used Middle Jurassic limestones from Normandy (Caen area) and the Pas-de-Calais (Marquise area near Boulogne) to re-build it by 1077. The imported stone at Wimborne Minster is considered to be from Normandy only.
Following the Saxon Canterbury Cathedral fire of 1067, Archbishop Lanfranc used Middle Jurassic limestones from Normandy (Caen area) and the Pas-de-Calais (Marquise area near Boulogne) to re-build it by 1077. The imported stone at Wimborne Minster is considered to be from Normandy only.
Medieval Piscines
From Saxon times the collegiate church of St Cuthburga had many separate communities and orders with separate altars presumably of wood but with each having its own stone piscine built into an exterior wall of the time. Eight of them remain in place today. (26)
33. This skilled C15th sculpting with once coat of arms painted shields (?) is made of a few very fine-grained limestone blocks, encased in a dark candle-smoked waxy patina. Where abraded (34a) the stone is yellow not white – so not Beer Stone and where mortar has been applied the same Middle Jurassic Limestone colouring has been well achieved. |
But for the High altar piscine using a Wardour Limestone, three centuries of piscine stones were all the same as mainly used previously, during the Norman Phase of architecture; Heathstone, Burr, Purbeck Marble and Norman French imports – representing both the most durable and most prestigious options.
Norman to Victorian Stone Usage
New sources of durable, strong thick-bedded limestones came into repeated use from the 13th Century. Initially these were Wardour Lower Main Building Stone(WL/M, aka Chilmark Stone) from Wiltshire and limestones from the Isle of Purbeck - predominantly Purbeck-Portland, aka Cliff Stone (Clff), but also thinner beds of stone from the Middle Purbeck (MPbk) outcrop.
Wimborne Minster Church of St. Cuthburga - Historic Building Stone
34. Interior phases of Medieval stone used are commonly hidden to view or later replaced but reference to this Legend assists greatly with C19th improvements.
Wardour Lower/Main Building Stone, aka Chilmark Stone
Published records are rare but it is documented that in 1571-72 seven tons of Chilmark stone were purchased for construction of a spire to the Lantern tower (collapsed in 1600) and that Purbeck stone was also being used. Also documented is a record of 60 cartloads (usually by the ton) of Chilmark stone (Tisbury quarries) for Wimborne in 1459-60 - purpose unstated (Cornish-Dale p.30).
36. Stone inside the North Porch, predominantly built of Heathstone, is obscured by historic use of whitewash. Textures of white-painted ribs springing from eight Purbeck Marble pillars to support the Heathstone vaulting are variable but too hidden for confident identification. The porch flooring is described in the Exterior Tour but also featured are dominant inscribed ledgers of Middle Purbeck Downs Vein, Purbeck Marble, Blue Lias and Wardour Lower/Main Building Stone. |
Other Prominent Pre-Victorian Stone
Pond Freestone, the Upper Cliff Stone from St Alban’s Head, has been used to frame window glass and interior walling the arches and quoins. (39) Historic stone textures are mostly hidden but proper replacements can allow good identification. (40)
Victorian Restoration: 1855-58
In the 1850’s, the Church to the east of the Tower and then the Norman Nave to the west were internally supported by brick and timber and substantially rebuilt. Mayo, in his History of Wimborne Minster 1860 says, “The clerestory of the nave was removed entirely, and the pier arches supported by timber centres and frames. The (nave) columns were then successively taken down and rebuilt.” (p. 82-83)
Therefore, from that rebuilding, it has become impossible to be certain how many Norman nave stones, are original or post-Norman replacements. Some nave column blocks are of Burr, there are occasional Upper Greensand and Ham Hill Stone replacements (46) and possibly Portland Freestone base plates to the South nave columns.
Therefore, from that rebuilding, it has become impossible to be certain how many Norman nave stones, are original or post-Norman replacements. Some nave column blocks are of Burr, there are occasional Upper Greensand and Ham Hill Stone replacements (46) and possibly Portland Freestone base plates to the South nave columns.
The coming of the railways made possible the use of Portland Freestone for the rebuilding of processionary west tower doorway, best visible only with doors open and addition of the new frames to the crypt windows. (11) Otherwise no major new stone was involved in the massive interior rebuilding of interior walls and columns.
Close examination of the Minster’s eastern stairways reveals continued use of the Purbeck-Portland Under Cliff Stone, very hard due to deep burial and compression, resulting in some pressure dissolution of the limestones creating “stylolites” (46 & 47, 51 & 52).
Close examination of the Minster’s eastern stairways reveals continued use of the Purbeck-Portland Under Cliff Stone, very hard due to deep burial and compression, resulting in some pressure dissolution of the limestones creating “stylolites” (46 & 47, 51 & 52).
Victorian to Present
Since 1858 no new stones have been added to those traditionally used inside. In 2018 steps between the nave and west tower were fully replaced using Pond Freestone, from the Lander’s Quarry at St Alban’s Head (54 and 55)
This same Purbeck-Portland Upper Cliff Stone is being used to restore window framing in the North transept but along with this report it has been interrupted by church closure against Covid-19.
Bibliography for St. Cuthburga’s Church - Wimborne Minster
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At the time of the building of the castle in around 1060, William of Normandy set up his palace inside the enclosure. . . Onto this palatial unit attributed to William of Normandy a new hall, built by his son Henry I Beauclerc, was added in around 1120 - now known as the Salle de l’Échiquier (Exchequer Hall). This splendid hall is impressive in size (32 x 13 metres) and is the only surviving civilian Romanesque architecture in Normandy.
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